The Summary of Economic Bubbles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Summary of Economic Bubbles - Essay Example Economic bubbles are formed because the investors respond positive to the increasing price, i.e., they buy more with the increasing prices. This may be due to greed or a desire to become rich by selling those assets at an even higher price in the near future. In other words, buyers tend to assume that they will be able to find another buyer (sometimes referred to as â€Å"a greater fool†) who will pay them even more than they paid for the asset. These bubbles cause a little or no economic damage because usually the â€Å"greater fools† get wiser by learning from their failure and the sellers get a lot richer. However, its effects can be felt if owners of inflated assets assume themselves as rich and start spending unwisely by getting more bank loans against their overpriced assets as securities. So when the prices of the overpriced assets fall, both the loan recipient and the bank could bankrupt and suffer huge losses. On a macro level several banks may fail and lesser money is available for investments to recover the economy. Similarly when this happens due to speculation of the share prices of the company, the stock markets may eventually

Genetically Modified Foods and the Labeling Debate Essay Example for Free

Genetically Modified Foods and the Labeling Debate Essay There has been an ongoing debate between consumers and the government regarding the use of Genetically Modified Foods in the market today. â€Å"Since the introduction of the Flavr Savr tomato, biotechnology companies continue to introduce genetically engineered agricultural products to consumers† (Whittaker). The â€Å"Flavr Savor† tomato was the first food available to consumers that was produced using technology involving the recombinant DNA techniques in 1993. This was the dawn of a new generation in food production, and thus a whole new world of genetically engineered foods. At the present time the government, more specifically, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not regulated labeling products that contain genetically engineered foods. Currently the policy for labeling all consumer products must meet the standards of the safety and nutritional assessment. The evaluations of genetically engineered foods by legal authority require that bioengineered foods must meet the same standards set forth for all imported and exported foods marked for human and animal consumption and according to the US FDA genetically modified (GM) foods meet these guidelines. Since the early 1990’s scientists has been researching new and improved techniques to bring plumper, juicer and insecticide resistant agricultural products to all consumers. But research such as this is nothing new to the scientific community and for over 50 years techniques have been used to create strains of wheat, rice, pears and many more crop species to create high yielding products that are capable of growing anywhere and anytime of the year. Currently, only one tenth of the world actually uses GM plants with the countries of Canada, US, Brazil and Argentina growing 90 percent of the GM crops (Freedman). With the majority of these crops being produced in North America, the US is seeing GM foods everywhere and this is drawing attention to different agencies and groups pushing to educate the public by labeling any products that contain genetically engineered foods. The US Food and Drug Administration has been dealing with the battle against labeling products with genetically modified organisms (GMO) for years, but regardless of the consistent scrutiny the FDA sticks firmly to the current regulations that govern the labeling of all foods for human and animal consumption. Under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic (FDC) Act, which drives the FDA’s safety regulations for food and food ingredients, â€Å"unless a significant safety risk exists or there is a sincere need for consumers to distinguish between food products before purchase, the FDA hesitates to mandate labeling of food products† (Leggio). Joseph A. Levitt, Director of the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition with the US Food and Drug Administration states in his â€Å"Should the FDA Adopt a Stricter Policy on Genetically Engineered Foods? † testimony that â€Å"bioengineered foods and food ingredients must adhere to the same standards of safety under the FDC act that apply to their conventionally bred counterparts† (Levitt, 81). With the strict laws set forth, the FDA remains consistent with its decision to maintain their current labeling program as it adheres to all safety standards of any food for consumption. The US FDA also assures the public that they have done significant research for decades on biotechnology foods to ensure it is safe for consumers, and additional testing is conducted years prior to the release of a GM product to the shelves. Scientists address all of the potential concerns to include the potential to adding new allergy causing proteins, removing vital nutrients and the possibility of introducing toxins, in these studies to ensure that unexpected results do not occur, â€Å"this testing provides a way to detect such changes at the development stage† (Levitt, 79) and it will also delay any release of products until they are able to find a solution. The FDA takes such precautions and studying all aspects of this technology to be confident that the risks are non-existent. Although the government has provided the public with research, publications, testimonies and scientific proof that the current law governing the labeling of food and animal products is appropriate and doesn’t require change, there is still much concern of the risks that the technology poses to humans. Barbara Boxer, a US Senator from California, introduced the Genetically Engineered Food Right-To-Know Act in 2001 in her testimony in â€Å"Should the FDA Adopt a Stricter Policy on Genetically Engineered Foods? † which states â€Å"all foods containing or produced with genetically engineered material bear a neutral label† (Boxer, 76). This act was created based on the lack of data and concerns that GM products are introducing risks of exposure to many health issues to include food allergens, lack of nutrition and toxic ailments. These claims are legitimate, however, the US FDA does take precautions as stated by Joseph A. Levitt, specifically with these risks while conducting trials during the developing stages of the product. In 2011 there was a petition filed against the FDA which warranted the need for labeling of GM products. According to this petition â€Å"consumers are misled when food labels do not differentiate foods with known health properties from novel foods with unknown health consequences† (Burgaard). An example of such health concerns come from a study performed in Scotland at the Rowett Institute in 1998. A plant biochemist named Arpad Pusztai conducted an experiment on rats who consumed a genetically engineered potato and his experiment concluded that the rats that were fed the modified potato â€Å"suffered growth and immune system-related changes† (Freedman). Ironically, the genetically modified potato used in this study â€Å"was not intended for human consumption it was, in fact, designed to be toxic for research purposes,† (Freedman) discrediting the research altogether. Additionally, â€Å"American Medical Association, the National Academy of Sciences, the World Health Organization, and more than twenty-five Nobel Prize-winning scientists have concluded that there is no scientific evidence that GM food carries any risk to human health and that genetically engineered crops are safe,† (Burgaard) which ties into the overall nutrition and safety assessment that genetically engineered foods meet the same standards that imported and exported foods at held too. In the end, the US Food and Drug Administration stands by the current law governing the policy on labeling genetically modified foods. They maintain their standing on mandated labeling even under the microscope of doubters, but most importantly the â€Å"FDAs process for evaluating bioengineered foods is one in which the public can have confidence that food biotechnology products must meet the laws safety standards† (Maryanski). The FDA cares deeply of the health and wellbeing of the consumers in America and strive to meet the needs of the public in both food and nutrition education. Until the studies show significant risks or changes in the GM products warranting the need to readdress the process, the government and the US Food and Drug Administration believe their approach is relevant and remain firm to the present policies. Annotated Bibliography Whittaker, Michael A. Reevaluating The Food And Drug Administrations Stand On Labeling Genetically Engineered Foods. San Diego Law Review 35. 4 (1998): 1215. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. This journal review argues that the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must reconsider its position on the labeling of genetically engineered food as well as consumer perceptions of the threat posed by genetically engineered foods. Freedman, David H. Are Engineered Foods Evil?. Scientific American 309. 3 (2013): 80-85. Environment Complete. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. This article discusses the debate over the safety of genetically modified (GM) crops. It covers comments from agricultural and environmental economist at the University of California, Berkeley, David Zilberman, on the benefits of GM foods compared to their health risks, a ban on GM crops by the European Union (EU), and the difference between selective plant breeding and mutagenic techniques. Leggio, Kelly A. Limitations On The Consumers Right To Know: Settling The Debate Over Labeling Of Genetically Modified Foods In The United States. San Diego Law Review 38. 3 (2001): 893. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Jan. 2014. This journal review supports the decision of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to reject mandatory labeling of genetically modified foods as a solution to accommodate consumer fears. There is a description of an approach designed to evaluate whether mandatory initiatives are appropriate to protect consumers right to know and the importance for states to follow guidelines established by the FDA. Should The FDA Adopt A Stricter Policy On Genetically Engineered Foods? PRO/CON. Congressional Digest 80. 3 (2001): Pages 76-95. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. This is a two part article that discusses genetically engineered foods and the potential need to adopt a more strict policy. The articles provided information from the perspective of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Joseph A. Levitt, the director of the Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition and US Senator, Barbara Boxer who speaks on behalf of the Genetically Engineered Food Right-to-Know Act and additional interviews that were conducted to give the audience an overall understanding of both sides of the debate. Burgaard, Sudhir. The Labeling Of Genetically Modified Foods Debate. Natural Resources Environment 28. 1 (2013): 55-57. Environment Complete. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. This article focuses on the debate on labeling of genetically modified (GM) food which reflects food safety concerns in the U. S. It highlights various legal issues related to use of GM foods which includes increased risk of antibiotic resistant bacteria, increased use of pesticides, and environmental effects. It briefs the audience about the Center for Food Safety filing a legal petition with the U. S. Food and Drug Administration regarding labeling of genetically engineered food. Maryanski, . James H. , Ph D. News Events. Genetically Engineered Foods. US Food and Drug Administration, 19 Oct. 1999. Web. 2 Jan. 2014. This testimony is from the perspective of the Biotechnology Coordinator with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that discusses the current regulations governing genetically engineered foods and the process that dictates what and how determines what a DNA derived food is labeled. It includes a variety of examples that justifies the current labeling regulations and why GM Foods may not require additional information for the consumers.

Multiply and Accumulate Unit using Vedic Multiplier

Multiply and Accumulate Unit using Vedic Multiplier Design  and  Implementation  of  FPGA  based  64  bit  MA Cunitusing  VEDIC  Multiplier  and  Reversible  Logic  gates ABSTRACT: Now a days in VLSI technology size, power, and speed are the main constraints to design any circuits. In normal multipliers delay will be more and the number of computations also will be more. Because of that speed of the circuits designed with the normal multipliers will be low and it will consume more power. This paper describes Multiply and Accumulate Unit using Vedic Multiplier and DKG reversible logic gates. The Vedic multiplier is designed by using Urdhava Triyagbhayam sutra and the adder design is done by using reversible logic to perform high  speed operations. Reversible logic gates are also the  essential constraint for the promising field of Quantum computing. The Urdhava Triyagbhayam multiplier is used for the multiplication function to reduce partial products in the multiplication process and to get high concert and less area .The reversible logic is used to get less power. The MAC is designed using Verilog code, simulation,synthesis is done in both RTL compiler using Xilinx and implemented on Spartan 3e FPGA Board. KeyWords:MAC, Vedic multiplier, Reversible Gates I. INTRODUCTION Multiplication is the key in arithmetic operation and multiplier plays an important role in digital signal Processing. Unfortunately, the major source of power dissipation in digital signal processors is multipliers. In the past decade researchers developed multipliers with the help of CMOS logic which has all the disadvantages as discussed earlier. Therefore multipliers design for digital signal processing applications should be competent. So the proposed method is designed using pass logic principles, which shows improvements over CMOS designs. Pass logic principle based circuits are capable to accomplish superior performance in power, speed and area when implemented in VLSI[1]. Several case studies show that pass logic principle based design implements most functions with fewer transistors which reduces the overall capacitance than static CMOS; thus, resulting in low power and fast switching time. The Pass logic  standard based design is a capable, due to its better performance in power consumption, area and speed. thirty percent of the multiplier space is taken by the Booth encoder and selector logic [1-3]. So a improved design of Booth encoder and selector is essential. The main objective of this work is to design and implement new Booth encoders and selector logics which are hardware efficient and consequently power- aware.Various designs of these logic units are proposed in this work where the number of transistors needed are less when compared to previously designed units.The gate level implementations of these designs were tested for functionality using LoKon software gates (XNOR, XOR , NAND,NOR,AND,XOR-XNOR combination gate) and MUX used in these circuits were simulated and verified for functionality using TopSPICE. Due to the limitation in the numbers of transistor count in the TopSPICE, it was not capable to simulate the entire circuit in the transistor level. Further, these designs were used to build multiplier[2]. Multiplier is the need for higher word width for signal process applications. This design is scalable without any loss of merits. All the pass transistor circuits have been tested for fully restored voltage at the output[3]. Therefore, when these circuits are combined to form the whole multiplier voltage drop will not cause a problem. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Nareshnaik, SivaNagendra Reddy proposed Design of Vedic Multiplier for Digital Signal Processing Applications[1] .In this method design of adders is difficult and design may be complex and also its require more power. Anitha, Sarath Kumar proposed A 32 BIT MAC Unit Design Using Vedic Multiplier and Reversible Logic Gate design.In this paper they designed for 32 bit Multiplier.But most of the multipliers used in Digital signal processing applications 64 bit multipliers. So many researchers proposed many methods to design multipliers and adders.Among all the methods multiplier design with reversible logic gate design is the efficient method.In reversible gates also different reversible gate are available[4].Some researchers used Kogge stone Adders,some one used Toffiligates[5].DKG is the one of the gate used in the MAC design.This proposed method represents 64 bit MAC design using reversible logic gates. III. PROPOSEDMETHOD Multiply Accumulate (MAC) unit is designed by using Multipliers and adders both will be joined by an accumulate unit. The applications of MAC unit are Digital Signal Processors, microprocessors, and logic units and.MAC determines the speed and improves the performance of the entire system[6]. The proficient designs by MAC unit are Fast Fourier Transform(FFT/IFFT) ,Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). Since, they are normally executed by inflexible application of multiplication and addition, the total system speed and performance depends on the speed of the addition and multiplication process speed in the system[7]. In most cases the delay in the architecture is due to the addition in parallel stages which we have to concentrate more to improve the speed. Finally we are going to compare our Vedic MAC unit with the Conventional MAC unit based on the parameters like Speed,area and power consumption[8]. A multiplying blockfunction can be conceded in threedifferent ways: conventional addition, partial product addition (PPA) and finally partial product Generation (PPG). The two bud vase materials that must be considered are raising the speed of MAC which is accumulator block partial and product reduction[9]. The 64 bit MAC design which will make use of Vedic multiplier and reversible logic gate can be accomplished in two stages. Firstly, multiplier stage, where a usual multiplier is replaced by Vedic multiplier using UrdhavaTriyagbhayam sutra from Vedic Mathematics.Multiplication is the primary operation of MAC unit. Speed, area, Power dissipation, consumptionand latency are the major concerns in the multiplier stage. So, to evade them, we will go for fast multipliers in different applications of DSP, networking, etc. There are mostly two major criterions that can possibly improve speed of the MAC units are sinking the partial products and because of that accumulator yoke is getting d ecreased. To perform the multiplication of N*N it requires approximately 2N-1 cross products of different widths and (log2N + 1) partial products. The partial products are obtained from Urdhava sutra is by Criss Cross Method. The maximum number of bits in partial products will lead to Critical path. The second part of MAC is Reversible logic gate. Loss of every bit of information in the computations that are not reversible is kT*log2 joules of heat energy are generated, where k is Boltzmanns constant and T the absolute temperature at which computation is performed. IV. DESIGN OF MAC ARCHITECTURE Fig 1: MAC Architecture The design of MAC architecture consists of 3 sub designs. Design of 64 X 64 bit Vedic Multiplier. Design of 128 bit DKG adder Design of Accumulator which integrates both multiplier and adder stages. Vedic Multiplier Vedic Mathematics is part of four Vedas  (books of wisdom). It is part of Sthapatya- Veda (book on civil engineering and architecture), which is an upa- veda (supplement) of Atharva Veda. Vedic Mathematics existed in ancient India and was revived by a popular mathematician, Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji. He divided Vedic mathematics into sixteen formulae(sutras). These formulae deal with Algebra, Analytical Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry etc. The ease in the Vedic mathematics sutras covers way for its application in several prominent domains of engineering like Signal Processing, VLSI and Control Engineering . 1) (Anurupye) Shunyamanyat 2) ChalanaKalanabyham 3) EkadhikinaPurvena 4) EkanyunenaPurvena 5) Gunakasamuchyah 6) Gunitasamuchyah 7) NikhilamNavatashcaramamDashatah 8) ParaavartyaYojayet 9) Puranapuranabyham 10) Sankalana- vyavakalanabhyam 11) ShesanyankenaCharamena 12) ShunyamSaamyasamuccaye 13) Sopaantyadvayamantyam 14) Urdhva-tiryakbhyam 15) Vyashtisamanstih 16) Yaavadunam Vedic Maths can be divided into sixteen different sutras to perform mathematical operations. Among these surtras the Urdhwa Tiryakbhyam Sutra is one of the most highly preferred algorithms for performing multiplication[11-14]. The algorithm is competent enough to be employed for the multiplication of integers as well as binary numbers. The term UrdhwaTiryakbhyam originated from 2 Sanskrit words Urdhwa and Tiryakbhyam which mean vertically and crosswise respectively.The mainadvantage of utilizing this algorithm in comparison with the existing multiplication techniques, is the fact that it utilizes only logical AND operations, half adders and full adders to complete the multiplication operation. Also, the partial products required for multiplication are generated in parallel and apriority to the actual addition thus saving a lot of processing time[15-17]. UrdhwaTiryakbhyam Algorithm Let us consider two eight bit numbers X(7:0) and Y(7:0) , where 7 signify Most Significant Bit and 0 represent Least Significant Bit. P0 to P15 signify each bit of the final computed product. It can be seen from equation (1) to (15), that P0 to P15 are calculated by adding partial products, which are calculated previously using the logical AND operation. The individual bits obtained from equations (1) to equation (15), in turn when concatenated produce the final product of multiplication which is represented in equation (16).The carry bits generated during the computation of the individual bits of the final product are represented from C(1) to C(30). The carry bits generated in (14) and (15) are ignored since they are redundant. Fig 2 : Pictorial Illustration of UrdhwaTiryakbhyam Sutra Graphically exemplifies the step by step procedure of multiplying two eight bit numbers using the Urdhwa Tiryakbyam Vedic Multiplication Sutra[20]. The black circles specify the bits of the multiplier and multiplicand, and the two-way arrows specify the bits to be multiplied in order to arrive at the individual bits of the final product. The hardware architecture of the 88 Urdhwa multiplier has been designed and shown in Fig 2. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Lowest quantum cost DKG Gate A 4 X 4 reversible DKG gate that preserve work singly as a reversible full adder and parallel adder is shown in below fig 5. If input A is zero, the DKG gate performed Full adder operation, and if input A is 1 then reversible logic gate performed Full subtractor operation. It has been confirmed that a reversible full- adder circuit requires at least two or three garbage outputs to make the distinctive[10][19]. output combinations Fig 3: 32 ÃÆ'-32 Vedic multiplier using 16 ÃÆ'- 16 Vedic multiplier Fig 4: 64ÃÆ'- 64 Vedic multiplier using 32x32Vedic multiplier V. DESIGN OF ADDERUSING Fig. 5a DKG gate Fig. 5b Parallel adder using DKG gate AccumulatorStage: Accumulator has an significant role in the DSP applications in different ranges. The register designed REVERSIBLE LOGICDKGGATE in the accumulator is used to add the multiplied Reversible logic is a distinct method diverse from other logic). Loss of information is not probable numbers. Multiplier, adder and an accumulator are forming the vital establishment for the MAC unit. The conventional MAC unit has a multiplic and and here. In this logic, the numbers of outputs are identical multiplier to do the basic multiplication and some to the number of inputs. General consideration for reversible logicgate parallel adders to add the partial products generated in  the previous step. To get the final multiplication output A Boolean function is reversible if and only if  we add the partial product to these results. Vedic all the values in the input set can be mapped with a single value in the output position. Landauer and Multiplier has put forward to intensify the action of the MAC Unit. Bennet both demonstrated that conventional irreversible circuits will  the usage of construct us to VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION power dissipation a circuit consisting of only reversible gates does not dissipate power. The following points necessity be reserved in mind to realize an optimized circuit: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Loops are not authorized à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Minimum delay à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Zero energy dissipation Fig 6: RTL Schematic of MAC Unit à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Fan-out is not authorized The modified 64 bit  multiplier using Vedic à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · Garbage outputs must be small  multiplier and DKG adder is fast and design of MAC done using Xilinx. The above fig 7shows comparison between Verilog code using Xilinx. The below fig 6 shows the RTL Schematic of the proposed design. Logic Utilization 70000 No.of Slice FlipFlops 60000 No.of 4 input LUTs 50000 MAC design unit using different Adders. The number of LUTs and utilization of logic blocks in MAC design using CSA, RCA, KSA will be greater than DKG and speed is also more in MAC design using DKG. But it will take more area. Compare to array multipliers, baugh wooley multipliers and booths multipliers Vedic multipliers requires less area and performs operations at high speed. The below fig 8 shows the statistics results of MAC design Vedic Multiplier with different adders. In which DKG Adders has moderate delay. But it consumes very less power and it can be designed in small area. 40000 Number of occupied Slices Number of Slices containing only related logic 1000 900 800 30000 20000 10000 Number of Slices containing unrelated logic Total Number of 4 input LUTs Number used as logic Number used as Shift Registers 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 MAC Design using RCA MAC Design using CSA MAC Design using KSA MAC Design using DKG 0 Number of nonded 0 IOBs Number of BUFGMUXs Average Fanout of non-Clock Nets Fig7: Synthesis report of 64-bit MAC using Vedic Multiplier using RCA,DKG and KSA Reversible logic gates Fig8: Delay Analysis report of 64-bit MAC using Vedic Multiplier using RCA,DKG and KSA Reversible logic gates in table 2. By Combining the Vedic and reversible logic will direct to new and competent attainments in developing various fields of digital signal processing Applications. Fig 9: Simulation result of Adder The above fig 9 shows that simulation result of DKG adder. It is a 32 bit adder. In this design we used two 64 bit adders. This adder has two inputs a and b ,two outputs sum and carry. For adder a =19997091 and b= 0001fffdapplied.Which results sum is 0199b708e and carry is 0. Fig 10: Vedic Multiplier result of 64 bit MAC unit The above fig 10 shows the simulation result of 64 bit MAC design unit. For this design we applied two inputs. In which values are a=12345678 and b=78945612 and it will give result of 55bed11b057ec60. Fig 11: Vedic Multiplier result of 64 bit MAC unit on FPGA CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE The results of this proposed 64 bit Urdhava Triyagbhayam Vedic multiplier with DKG adder are quite good. Design of MAC unit structure and its performance has been scrutinize for all the blocks. Therefore, the 64-bit Urdhava Triyagbhayam sutra Multiplier and reversible logic is the best in all aspects like speed power product ,delay, area and complication as compared to all other architectures which are shown

Airplane Safety Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main purpose of the article, Airspace Blunders, is to identify the leading causes for airspace incursions, more commonly known as near-midair collisions, and to provide alternative courses of action to prevent them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prior to 9/11, the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) reported 10 clearly defined categories of causes; Unfamiliarity, Complex airspace, Overlying airspace, High workloads, Trusting technology too much, Confusion over landmarks, Problems getting clearances, Cutting it too Close, and finally, â€Å"I didn’t realize†¦Ã¢â‚¬    Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of the causes identified, one was pilots being unfamiliar with the airspace boundaries, not being able to pick out local landmarks based on a section chart, understanding urban settings, strict noise abatement procedures and identifying different airspace classes. When you add in rapid-fire communications, high traffic flows and the complexity of a new patch of airspace, the challenges become much greater. The article suggests pilots being better prepared may mitigate these obstacles. This entails making sure the charts have proper scaling to signify key landmarks. These charts must then be studied. Prior to the flight, pilots were recommended to contact local pilots and flight instructors to obtain a sound understanding on normal clearances and potential problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When flying in complex airspace, the potential for flying into restricted airspace increases. Filing IFR for flight operations is an easier and safer option.   Ã‚  ...

How to Write a Descriptive Essay

A lot of folks depict paradise as lying on some remote island overlooking a stunning sunset while feeling the sand between their toes. My conception may be somewhat different than most people. I can envision beaming music, and people as they frolic. Where the party never stops, it keeps going and going like the Energizer bunny. The scenery will be the most divine of anything on this earth, more so than overlooking the flawless, sugarcoated snow covering the Rocky Mountains.Oh, my, the aroma coming from that city- like freshly cut bouquets of flowers on a sunny spring day. Forget about having a foul taste because it will leave only an everlasting angelic savor in your mouth. Paradise to me is cheerful music and people also, it has the most beautiful scenery one can only imagine. All the masses of people would start getting together holding hands in a circle with Jesus in the middle and start singing in a heavenly language. The city is filled with thunderous sounds of every instrument one can imagine.Then, the angles pick up tambourines hitting them in rhythm along with the music, while people start dancing before the Lord. All of a sudden, Peter, Paul, Job, and all the great men and women of God lift up their hands and sing out with all of their capacity to Jehovah Jireh. A rainbow is prolonged across the land. It has the brightest colors of blue, yellow, pink, and orange. It is so beautiful; the majestic colors make one want to reach out and touch it. A huge waterfall sets at the edge of New Jerusalem.The water is so clear one could see a speck of dust traveling down to the bottom. As the water surges down to the base, it makes a voyage around the frame of the city. I can picture blankets of flowers all over the place for it illuminates the whole location and adds gaiety. Oh, how breathtaking the aroma is over there. The fragrance is a mixture of jasmine, magnolia, and lilacs. The savoriness is a touch of sweetness, like getting a honeysuckle off of the vine an d putting it on your tongue for the first time.Or the elation a baby gets from consuming a chocolate bar, and savoring every minute of it. Some would say paradise for them would be anywhere they view beautiful. But for me heaven is my paradise my future home. I can only imagine what the Lord has in store for me when I get to that great city. Until then I can only dream. But what I really want more than anything is to see Him and crown Him Lord of Lords and King of Kings. More importantly, my paradise would not be heaven without Him because He is the one that is truly paradise.

The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Management Methods

The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Management Methods Introduction In our daily lives, most people are diagnosed with some form of psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia and other forms of anxiety disorders. Moreover, in connection to the nature-nurture issue, a number of psychiatric disorders are either inherited from parents or are developed due to a complex interplay of environmental factors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Management Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They can also be due the combination of both factors. It is important to note that each psychiatric disorder differs in management methods, which eventually is beneficial in ascertaining appropriate means of treatment. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia refers to a malfunction of the brain that has affected the lives of many people throughout history (Andreasen, 1994). However, the infrequent and unusual brain disorder has not been given the right approach and sev eral of its victims have suffered in silence. The genes and the environment have been attributed to be one of the causal factors for this condition. It is approximated that about one percent of the entire population suffers from schizophrenia and it runs in most families. The disease is present in about ten percent of those who have afflicted first-degree relatives and those with afflicted second-degree relatives are also at increased risk. According to Tsuang, Faraone, and Johnson, the probability is highest in the case of identical twins, which is at about forty to sixty-five percent (1997). Researchers postulate that the condition is developed due to interaction of several genes, which possibly are able to disrupt the normal functioning of various parts the brain. The ailment makes the lateral ventricles to increase in size and impinges on the normal functions of the frontal regions of the brain. The temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdale, sections of the limbic system, as well as sections of the Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG) are mainly reduced in volume due to this disorder. In addition, the prefrontal cortex, which serves as a memory center, is also intensively affected. Medical experts have also postulated that the condition is due to abnormalities in brain chemistry and structure. This is directly related to the differences in the complex and interrelated chemical reactions in the brain, which involve a number of neurotransmitters (substances that allow easier communication between the brain cells).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dopamine and Dopamine receptors have been identified in this respect and the treatment for managing this disorder is mainly targeted to interact with dopamine receptors. NMDA, GAGA and the cholinergic system have also been associated to this medical condition. As described above, there are marked disparities between bra ins of healthy individuals and those of afflicted individuals. Moreover, those afflicted have limited amount of grey matter, limited or increased biological activity is some parts of the brain, and lack of conformity of the brain tissue. Scientific investigations have also revealed significant transformations in the distribution or attributes of the brain cells that may have happened before birth. A number of scientists have proved that problems encountered during the time of brain development before delivery may lead to improper connections. The effects of these are more evident during puberty because major changes occur in the development of the brain during this period. These have the ability of activating psychotic symptoms. The symptoms associated to schizophrenia are majorly grouped into positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms relate to the experiences of immensely abnormal behavior that is not seen in healthy individuals. According to H irsch and Weinberger, they include hallucinations where the sick people see, hear, smell, or have feelings not seen in healthy people, delusions where the afflicted have false beliefs that are not component of their culture, and movement disorders that are seen as agitated body movements (2003, p.5). Negative symptoms, which include lack of pleasure in daily activities and abnormal speech problems, can prove to very elusive at the early stages since they are similar to depression or other conditions. Cognitive symptoms, which include impairment of executive functioning, complexities in paying attention, and complexities with working memory, may further make the life of the victim to be more difficult. The appropriate drug therapy for schizophrenia mainly needs a combination of antipsychotic, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety drug treatment, which focus on reducing the symptoms of the disorder. As much as proper treatment is advocated, however, most people usually desist from taking t he medication prescribed for the sickness. This is more evident when resumption of normal health is delayed and when the side effects of the drugs are more pronounced.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychiatric Disorders and Their Management Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More That is why medical experts usually advise their patients to start by taking a cheaper and more proficient drug such as clozapine. Antipsychotic medication is used to help the afflicted recover the normal biochemical balance and lower the possibility of a relapse in the future. A number of patients of schizophrenia usually respond well to appropriate drug therapy and are able of living comfortable lives once again. Generally, schizophrenia is an intricate ailment, which deteriorates the normal functioning of the brain, life experiences and behavioral patterns of those afflicted. The brain serves the function of responding to stimuli and modulating them accordingly, but victims of this condition lack the ability of modulating the different mechanisms of the brain. Studies have shown that the various processes in this ailment do not take place on a single basis, but rather the condition is multi factorial. In as much as many extensive studies have revealed a lot of information about the disease, more elaborate investigations should be done to better understand the genetic differences that contribute to this disorder. This is because the ones that are known increase the risk of developing the condition only by a small level. Drug abuse case Possibly, Ron has been defeated to stop abusing alcohol because he has failed to acknowledge an underlying psychological problem. His fruitless attempts to deny, cope with or hide this fact have finally led him to this unfortunate addiction. Ron may have been trying to subdue effects of loneliness, guilt, or self-reproach in his life. He has been addicted for the reason that th e alcohol has been constantly stimulating his brain pleasure rewarding pathway (PRP). Dopamine neurotransmitters play a vital role in the activities of PRP. In a general, alcohol stimulates PRP, which then instantaneously boosts the level of dopamine in the brain and results in the production of a euphoric effect to the victim. These happenings eventually wire the brain. Consequently, the person will constantly aspire to achieve the dopamine highness, and so addiction follows. The reason why people abuse alcohol has been addressed in relation to the nature-nurture issue. One school of thought suggests that nature (hereditary factors) whereas another suggests that nurture (environmental factors) cause the condition. Recent scientific investigations have pointed out that there is a possibility of parents passing the genes of alcoholism to their children. The type of lifestyle an individual lives is also a significant factor. This relates to the type of friends the individual hangs aro und with, the degree of stress in his or her life, and the availability of alcohol within the vicinity (Clinic, 2008). The addiction of Ron that is a worry to his wife is presently incurable, but appropriate medication can be administered to cure it.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To stop his perennial drinking habits, a combination of counseling and medication programs can be introduces so as to help him rebuild his life. Oral medications, for example, disulfiram, naltrexone, and acamparosate have been successfully employed to reduce alcoholism. Even though the treatment of alcoholism is practical, there are varied levels of success depending on the individual involved. Some previous addicts desist from taking alcohol and remain sober, whereas others experience periodic sessions of sobriety with bouts of relapse. Others also experience withdrawal symptoms such as sporadic shakiness, nausea, and sweating on ceasing from excessive consumption of alcohol. Nonetheless, the longer the individual desists from taking alcohol, the better the recuperation process becomes. Anxiety case Tom is suffering from a condition called Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This refers to a situation whereby a person becomes too much worried and anxious about the daily life events without any concrete reasons (Barlow, 2004). The experience of anxiety disorder has been associated to some specific parts of the brain. In a healthy individual, the thought process runs in such a way that he or she is able to observe a situation and process information without hindrance. This then determines whether anxiety is needed to â€Å"kick in† in order to trigger an appropriate responsive action. In the case of Tom, this process is necessitated by events that really do not require such â€Å"flight or fight† responsive action (Hauser, 2005). Although the exact cause of this tendency has not been fully comprehended, genetics (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) have been associated with GAD. Some studies have indicated that the susceptibility of developing GAD may be tied to the history of the family. Distressing and stressful factors, for instance, mistreatment, loss of a loved one, separation of parents, loss of employment, dropping out of school, ma y trigger development of anxiety disorder. The abuse and stopping the taking of addictive drugs may also aggravate the effects of the disorder (Pakhare, 2007). Perhaps, Tom’s wife can help him by giving him appropriate medication to treat his condition. This program can help him in normalizing his life. His wife can consider giving him benzodiazepines for short-term treatment as this would leave him feeling calm and relaxed by lowering the physical symptoms of the condition. For long-term treatment, he may be given antidepressants to lighten his moods. The use of cognitive-behavioral therapy is able to help him eliminate his distorted thinking by making him have a more realistic look at different difficult situations. Depending on the specific drug and the person using them, anti-anxiety drugs may bring some side effects such as sleepiness, weight gain, and sexual problems. Conclusion It is essential to understand that the people, who are suffering from psychiatric disorders, for example, Ron and Tom, are normal human beings. The only disparity is that the individuals are afflicted by a medical condition that impairs their normal cognitive functions and behavior. Although the conditions are incurable, they can be treated effectively by using appropriate medication. The agony of the afflicted can be lessened by seeking for ways of alleviating their suffering. References Andreasen, N. C. (1994). Schizophrenia: From mind to molecule. Washington: American psychiatric press. Barlow, D. H. (2004). Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press. Clinic, M. (2008, May 8). Alcoholism causes. MayoClinic.com. Web. Hauser, J. (2005, February 2). Anxiety: Generalized anxiety disorder. Psych Central. Web. Hirsch, S., Weinberger, D. (2003). Schizophrenia (2nd ed.). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Company. Pakhare, J. (2007, December 5). Types of Mental Illness: List of Mental Disorders. Buzzle.com. Web. Tsuang, M.T., F araone, S. V., Johnson, P.D. (1997). Schizophrenia: the facts. New York: Oxford University Press.